Coal-gangue recognition via multi-branch convolutional neural network based on MFCC in noisy environment.

Traditional coal-gangue recognition methods usually do not consider the impact of equipment noise, which severely limits its adaptability and recognition accuracy. This paper mainly studies the more accurate recognition of coal-gangue in the noise site environment with the operation of shearer, conveyor, transfer machine and other device in the process of top coal caving. Mel Frequency Cepstrum Coefficients (MFCC) smoothing method was introduced to express the intrinsic feature of sound pressure more clearly in the coal-gangue recognition site. Then, a multi-branch convolution neural network (MBCNN) model with three branches was developed, and the smoothed MFCC feature was incorporated into this model to realize the recognition of falling coal and gangue in noisy environment. The sound pressure signal datasets under the operation of different device were constructed through a great deal of laboratory and site data acquisition. Comparative experiments were carried out on noiseless dataset, single noise dataset and simulated site dataset, and the results show that our method can provide higher correct recognition accuracy and better robustness. The proposed coal-gangue recognition approach based on MBCNN and MFCC smoothing can not only recognize the state of falling coal or gangue, but also recognize the operational state of site device.

Radiometric cross-calibration of Sentinel-2B MSI with HY-1C SCS based on the near simultaneous imaging of common ground targets.

To simplify the cross-calibration process and improve calibration frequency and accuracy, this paper proposes a cross-calibration method for the multispectral remote sensor Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI) carried by Sentinel-2B using the hyperspectral remote sensor, that is, the satellite calibration spectrometer (SCS) carried by Hai Yang (HY)-1C, as the reference sensor and establishes the calibration process. Precise spectral response matching between SCS and MSI spectral channels is performed by the interpolation and iteration of hyperspectral data to eliminate the difference in band settings and significantly improve the accuracy of cross-calibration coefficients. The SNO-x inherited from the simultaneous nadir overpass (SNO) method is used as a prediction method to carry out cross-calibration imaging in mid- and low-latitude regions, which improves the cross-calibration frequency and broadens the dynamic range of calibration. The cross-calibration coefficients and offsets of MSI B1∼B7 and B8a were obtained by processing the earth observation images of the MSI and SCS on January 24, 2019. Then, the cross-calibration coefficients and offsets are applied to the ocean, farmland and other ground objects with different reflectance, and the reliability and accuracy of the cross-calibration results are evaluated with the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) carried by Terra as a reference. To improve the accuracy of the evaluation, the spectral band adjustment factor between the corresponding channels of MSI and MODIS is used to correct the measured reflectance of MODIS based on the satellite calibration coefficient. The reflectance directly obtained by processing the MSI image is used as the MSI-measured reflectance, the reflectance obtained based on the cross-calibration coefficient is used as the MSI-calculated reflectance, and the reflectance corrected by the spectral band adjustment factor (SBAF) is used as the MODIS-calculated reflectance. The results show that the mean root-mean-square relative error (RMSRE) between the MODIS-calculated reflectance and the MSI-calculated reflectance is 2.16% and that the mean RMSRE between the MODIS-calculated reflectance and the MSI-measured reflectance is 3.05%, indicating that the reflectance corrected based on calibration coefficients is closer to the MODIS-calculated reflectance. Finally, each uncertainty source in the cross-calibration is analyzed, and the comprehensive uncertainty is found to be 4.03%, indicating that SCS can be used as a reference for MSI cross-calibration.

Onboard spectral calibration and validation of the satellite calibration spectrometer on HY-1C.

To monitor the spectral position drift, expansion and contraction of the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the satellite calibration spectrometer (SCS) of the HY-1C satellite during on-orbit operation, an onboard spectral calibration method based on a wavelength diffuser is proposed in this paper. This method uses the wavelength diffuser reflectance measured prelaunch as the standard spectrum, convolves it with the spectral response function of the SCS to obtain a reference spectrum, uses the measured data of the onboard SCS as the measured spectrum, and obtains the spectral drift and variation of the FWHM through spectral line matching. Generally, the spectral response function of a hyperspectral remote sensor follows a Gaussian model, and so does that of the SCS. The spectral calibration results obtained based on the onboard wavelength diffuser are validated and evaluated in comparison to calibration based on an oxygen absorption line. Preliminary results show that (1) the SCS spectral drift is negative, indicating a shift in the shortwave direction, and its absolute value is gradually decreasing with increasing on-orbit operation time; (2) the mean values of the central wavelength and FWHM errors between the two calibration methods are 0.08 nm and 0.20 nm, respectively, indicating that the spectral calibration method based on the wavelength diffuser has high accuracy and reliability; and (3) the SCS spaceborne spectral calibration error has the greatest impact on radiometric calibration in Band 18, with an uncertainty of 0.99%, while the uncertainty in the other bands is less than 0.33%, indicating that the spectral calibration uncertainty meets radiometric calibration accuracy requirements.

Quantifying ocean surface green tides using high-spatial resolution thermal images.

The use of thermal remote sensing for marine green tide monitoring has not been clearly demonstrated due to the lack of high-resolution spaceborne thermal observation data. This problem has been effectively solved using high-spatial resolution thermal and optical images collected from the sensors onboard the Ziyuan-1 02E (ZY01-02E) satellite of China. The characteristics and principles of spaceborne thermal remote sensing of green tides were investigated in this study. Spaceborne thermal cameras can capture marine green tides depending on the brightness temperature difference (BTD) between green tides and background seawater, which shows a positive or negative BTD contrast between them in the daytime or nighttime. There is a significant difference between thermal and optical remote sensing in the ability to detect green tides; compared with optical remote sensing, pixels containing less algae are not easily distinguishable in thermal images. However, there is a good linear statistical relationship between the BTD and the optical parameter (scaled algae index of virtual baseline height of floating macroalgae, SAI(VB)) of green tides, which indicates that the BTD can be used to quantify the green tide coverage area in a pixel or biomass per area. Then, the uncertainty in thermal quantitative remote sensing of green tides was clarified according to the pixel-to-pixel relationship between optical and thermal images. In a mixed pixel, green tide coverage and algal thickness have different thermal signal responses, which results in this uncertainty. In future research, more thermally remotely sensed images with high spatial resolution are needed to increase the observation frequency in the daytime and nighttime for the dynamic monitoring of green tides.

Analysis of longitudinal coupling dynamic characteristics of deep sea mining vessel and stepped lifting pipe.

In deep-sea mining, the coupling dynamic response between the mining vessel and the lifting pipe is a significant problem, which directly affects the structural design of the lifting system and the safety of field operation. The characteristics of coupled motion model have not been fully considered in the existing research. Therefore, this paper uses time-domain coupled numerical model as the research object, considering ocean current, surface wave, pipe dynamics and vessel-pipe contact mechanics, to study the dynamic behavior of the lifting pipe and mining vessel during the process of deep-sea mining using AQWA and OrcaFlex softwares. The response amplitude operator (RAO) is used to compare the measured and simulations dynamic response of the mining vessel. There is a very good agreement in RAO between the experiments and simulations. The coupling simulation results show that the coupling effect has a significant effect on the time domain dynamic response of the lifting pipe, but has little effect on the average effective tension and longitudinal amplitude along the pipe length. The research results of this paper are of great significance to the safety design of deep-sea mining lifting system and the planning of deep-sea operation activities.

Evaluation of regions suitable for vicarious calibration of ocean color satellite sensors in the South China Sea.

Accurate retrieval of biogeochemical components of the ocean at a global scale from space requires accurately calibrated top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiance, which is usually achieved by deriving a vicarious gain coefficient (g-factor) through a process called system vicarious calibration (SVC). Currently, only two SVC sites, Marine Optical Buoy (MOBY) and BOUée pour l'acquiSition d'une Série Optique à Long termE (BOUSSOLE), are routinely operated to support the SVC process for all on-orbit ocean color satellite payloads. However, high-quality matchups between satellite observations and in situ measurements are rare because of the strict requirements of the SVC process. Meanwhile, a stable g-factor is usually computed by averaging sufficient gain measurements. Therefore, more SVC sites are required to derive a stable g-factor in a short duration, particularly for the initial calibration of newly launched satellite sensors. In this study, nearly twenty years of well-calibrated ocean color satellite data were used to calculate the mean and standard deviation of physical and optical properties of waters and the atmosphere in the South China Sea (SCS) to evaluate the feasibility of establishing a SVC site. A region was identified that meets all requirements that were used to evaluate the MOBY and BOUSSOLE sites. Two in situ measurements within this region were used to derive a g-factor for MODIS-Terra and MODIS-Aqua and were compared with the g-factor derived using MOBY data. The consistence of the two g-factors indicates that the identified region in the SCS could be a potential area for establishing a long-term moored SVC site.

Longitudinal vibration compensation model of stepped-pipe strings in deep-sea mining.

In this paper, the dynamic model of the rigid space stepped-pipe strings system is derived with Lagrangian method to represent the system dynamic behaviors which enriches the analysis method of longitudinal vibration of stepped-pipe strings. The stepped-pipe strings is constructed of pipes with different diameters and lengths, the physical properties of which mainly depends on the axial force and the depth of deep-sea mining. Based on lumped element method, the heave compensation system with dynamic vibration absorber is designed for longitudinal vibration suppression of the stepped-pipe strings. The analytical solution is obtained by modal analysis method when the mining ship is subjected to sea breeze excitation. The proposed method is easily implementable for rigid space stepped-pipe strings system with complex multi-degree-of-free deep-sea mining dynamic model. Furthermore, the optimal combination of mass ratio, spring coefficient and damping ratio is shown to have a better vibration suppression performance. Finally, numerical simulations on the stepped-pipe strings system with or without dynamic vibration absorbers are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Onboard absolute radiometric calibration and validation of the satellite calibration spectrometer on HY-1C.

As the reference radiometric calibration standard of sensors on the Haiyang-1C (HY-1C) satellite platform, the satellite calibration spectrometer (SCS) is equipped with an onboard calibration system composed of double solar diffusers and an erbium-doped diffuser to monitor the postlaunch radiometric response change. Herein, through onboard calibration data analysis, the calibration diffuser performance remains stable without degradation, and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on Terra is adopted as a reference to repeatedly verify onboard radiometric calibration results by selecting different dates and reflectance scenes. The SCS equivalent reflectance is obtained by combining the mean digital number (DN) of the SCS crossing area image with the radiometric calibration coefficient. The spectral reflectance is obtained via interpolation and iteration, which is adopted as the actual MODIS incident pupil spectral reflectance because the small imaging time interval can be ignored and almost vertically observed, and it is convoluted with the MODIS spectral response function to obtain the predicted equivalent reflectance. Validation is completed by comparing the predicted MODIS equivalent reflectance to the measured value based on the onboard calibration coefficient. The results show that (1) the difference between the measured and predicted MODIS band equivalent reflectance is between -0.00466 and 0.0039, and (2) the percentage difference between the measured and predicted MODIS band equivalent reflectance ranges from 4.17% and 1.24%, indicating that the calibration system carried on HY-1C can perform high-precision SCS radiometric calibration, meeting the cross-calibration accuracy requirements of other loads on the same platform.

Rule-based expert system to assess caving output ratio in top coal caving.

Coal mining professionals in coal mining have recognized that the assessment of top coal release rate can not only improve the recovery rate of top coal, but also improve the quality of coal. But the process was often performed using a manual-based operation mode, which intensifies workload and difficulty, and is at risk of human errors. The study designs a assessment system to give the caving output ratio in top coal caving as accurately as possible based on the parameters adaptive Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy system and the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm. The main goal of the adaptive parameters based on LM algorithm is to construct its damping factor in the light of lowering of the objective function which is as taken as the index of termination iteration. The performance of the system is evaluated by Pearson correlation coefficient, Coefficient of Determination and relative error where the results of the Takagi-Sugeno method and the parameters adaptive Takagi-Sugeno method are compared to make the evaluation more robust and comprehensive.

Vicarious calibration of COCTS-HY1C at visible and near-infrared bands for ocean color application.

Remote sensing reflectance obtained from space-borne ocean color sensors is of great importance to carbon cycle and ocean-atmospheric interactions by providing biogeochemical parameters on the global scale using specific algorithms. Vicarious calibration is necessary for obtaining accurate remote sensing reflectance that meets the application demands of atmospheric correction algorithms. For ocean color sensors, vicarious calibration must be done prior to atmospheric correction. The third Chinese Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner (COCTS) aboard the HY1C satellite was launched on September 7, 2018, and it will provide essential ocean color data that will complement those of existing missions. We used field measurements from the Marine Optical Buoy (MOBY) and aerosol information provided by the MODerate Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard the Terra satellite to calculate vicarious calibration coefficients, and we further evaluated the applicability of the established vicarious calibration approach by cross-calibration using MODIS data on the global scale. Finally, the established vicarious calibration coefficients were used to retrieve the aerosol optical depth and remote sensing reflectance, which were compared to Aerosol Robotic Network-Ocean Color (AERONET-OC) data and MODIS-Terra and Ocean and Land Color Instrument (OLCI)-Sentinel-3A operational products. The results show that the vicarious calibration coefficients are relatively stable and reliable for all bands ranging from visible to near-infrared and can be used to obtain accurate high-quality data.

Temporal Variation of Chlorophyll-a Concentrations in Highly Dynamic Waters from Unattended Sensors and Remote Sensing Observations.

Monitoring of water quality changes in highly dynamic inland lakes is frequently impeded by insufficient spatial and temporal coverage, for both field surveys and remote sensing methods. To track short-term variations of chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll-a concentrations in Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China, high-frequency, in-situ, measurements were collected from two fixed stations. The K-mean clustering method was also applied to identify clusters with similar spatio-temporal variations, using remote sensing Chl-a data products from the MERIS satellite, taken from 2003 to 2012. Four lake area classes were obtained with distinct spatio-temporal patterns, two of which were selected for in situ measurement. Distinct daily periodic variations were observed, with peaks at approximately 3:00 PM and troughs at night or early morning. Short-term variations of chlorophyll fluorescence and Chl-a levels were revealed, with a maximum intra-diurnal ratio of 5.1 and inter-diurnal ratio of 7.4, respectively. Using geostatistical analysis, the temporal range of chlorophyll fluorescence and corresponding Chl-a variations was determined to be 9.6 h, which indicates that there is a temporal discrepancy between Chl-a variations and the sampling frequency of current satellite missions. An analysis of the optimal sampling strategies demonstrated that the influence of the sampling time on the mean Chl-a concentrations observed was higher than 25%, and the uncertainty of any single Terra/MODIS or Aqua/MODIS observation was approximately 15%. Therefore, sampling twice a day is essential to resolve Chl-a variations with a bias level of 10% or less. The results highlight short-term variations of critical water quality parameters in freshwater, and they help identify specific design requirements for geostationary earth observation missions, so that they can better address the challenges of monitoring complex coastal and inland environments around the world.

Author Correction: Anomalous in-plane anisotropic Raman response of monoclinic semimetal 1 T'-MoTe2.

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML version of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.

Ocean color retrieval from MWI onboard the Tiangong-2 Space Lab: preliminary results.

The Moderate-resolution Wide-wavelengths Imager (MWI) is the ocean color sensor onboard the Chinese Tiangong-2 Space Lab, which was launched on Sept. 15, 2016. The MWI is also an experimental satellite sensor for the Chinese next generation ocean color satellites, HY-1E and HY-1F, which are scheduled for launch around 2021. With 100m spatial resolution and 18 bands in the visible light and infrared wavelengths, MWI provides high quality ocean color observations especially over coastal and inland waters. For the first time, this study presents some important results on water color products generated from the MWI for the oceanic and inland waters. Preliminary validation in turbid coastal and inland waters showed good agreement between the MWI-retrieved normalized water-leaving radiances (Lwn) and in situ data. Further, the MWI-retrieved Lwn values compared well with the GOCI-retrieved Lwn values, with the correlation coefficient greater than 0.90 and mean relative differences smaller than 26.63% (413 nm), 4.72% (443 nm), 3.69% (490 nm), 7.15% (565 nm), 9.45% (665 nm), 8.11% (682.5 nm), 14.68% (750 nm) and 18.55% (865 nm). As for the Level 2 product (e.g, total suspended matter TSM) in turbid Yangtze River Estuary and Hangzhou Bay waters, the relative difference between MWI and GOCI-derived TSM values was ~18.59% with the correlation coefficient of 0.956. In open-oceanic waters, the retrieved MWI-Chla distributions were well consistent with the MODIS/Aqua and VIIRS Chla values products and resolved finer spatial structures of phytoplankton blooms. This study provides encouraging results for the MWI's performance and operational applications in oceanic and inland regions.

Combination of minimum enclosing balls classifier with SVM in coal-rock recognition.

Top-coal caving technology is a productive and efficient method in modern mechanized coal mining, the study of coal-rock recognition is key to realizing automation in comprehensive mechanized coal mining. In this paper we propose a new discriminant analysis framework for coal-rock recognition. In the framework, a data acquisition model with vibration and acoustic signals is designed and the caving dataset with 10 feature variables and three classes is got. And the perfect combination of feature variables can be automatically decided by using the multi-class F-score (MF-Score) feature selection. In terms of nonlinear mapping in real-world optimization problem, an effective minimum enclosing ball (MEB) algorithm plus Support vector machine (SVM) is proposed for rapid detection of coal-rock in the caving process. In particular, we illustrate how to construct MEB-SVM classifier in coal-rock recognition which exhibit inherently complex distribution data. The proposed method is examined on UCI data sets and the caving dataset, and compared with some new excellent SVM classifiers. We conduct experiments with accuracy and Friedman test for comparison of more classifiers over multiple on the UCI data sets. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has good robustness and generalization ability. The results of experiments on the caving dataset show the better performance which leads to a promising feature selection and multi-class recognition in coal-rock recognition.

Anomalous in-plane anisotropic Raman response of monoclinic semimetal 1 T´-MoTe 2.

The recently discovered two-dimensional (2D) semimetal 1 T´-MoTe2 exhibits colossal magnetoresistance and superconductivity, driving a strong research interest in the material's quantum phenomena. Unlike the typical hexagonal structure found in many 2D materials, the 1 T´-MoTe2 lattice has strong in-plane anisotropy. A full understanding of the anisotropy is necessary for the fabrication of future devices which may exploit these quantum and topological properties, yet a detailed study of the material's anisotropy is currently lacking. While angle resolved Raman spectroscopy has been used to study anisotropic 2D materials, such as black phosphorus, there has been no in-depth study of the Raman dependence of 1 T´-MoTe2 on different layer numbers and excitation energies. Here, our angle resolved Raman spectroscopy shows intricate Raman anisotropy dependences of 1 T´-MoTe2 on polarization, flake thickness (from single layer to bulk), photon, and phonon energies. Using a Paczek approximation, the anisotropic Raman response can be captured in a classical framework. Quantum mechanically, first-principle calculations and group theory reveal that the anisotropic electron-photon and electron-phonon interactions are nontrivial in the observed responses. This study is a crucial step to enable potential applications of 1 T´-MoTe2 in novel electronic and optoelectronic devices where the anisotropic properties might be utilized for increased functionality and performance.

In-Plane Anisotropies of Polarized Raman Response and Electrical Conductivity in Layered Tin Selenide.

The group IV-VI compound tin selenide (SnSe) has recently attracted particular interest due to its unexpectedly low thermal conductivity and high power factor and shows great promise for thermoelectric applications. With an orthorhombic lattice structure, SnSe displays intriguing anisotropic properties due to the low symmetry of the puckered in-plane lattice structure. When thermoelectric materials, such as SnSe, have decreased dimensionality, their thermoelectric conversion efficiency may be improved due to increased power factor and decreased thermal conductivity. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the complete optical and electrical anisotropies of SnSe nanostructures in realizing the material's advantages in high-performance devices. Here, we synthesize single-crystal SnSe nanoplates (NPs) using the chemical vapor deposition method. The SnSe NPs' polarized Raman spectra exhibit an angular dependence that reveals the crystal's anomalous anisotropic light-matter interaction. The Raman's anisotropic response has a dependence upon the incident light polarization, photon, and phonon energy, arising from the anisotropic electron-photon and electron-phonon interactions in the SnSe NPs. Finally, angle-resolved charge-transport measurements indicate strong anisotropic conductivity of the SnSe NPs, fully elucidating the anisotropic properties necessary for ultrathin SnSe in electronic, thermoelectric, and optoelectronic devices.

Ultrasensitive Near-Infrared Photodetectors Based on a Graphene-MoTe2-Graphene Vertical van der Waals Heterostructure.

Graphene and other layered materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides, have rapidly established themselves as exceptional building blocks for optoelectronic applications because of their unique properties and atomically thin nature. The ability to stack them into van der Waals (vdWs) heterostructures with new functionality has opened a new platform for fundamental research and device applications. Nevertheless, near-infrared (NIR) photodetectors based on layered semiconductors are rarely realized. In this work, we fabricate a graphene-MoTe2-graphene vertical vdWs heterostructure on a SiO2/p+-Si substrate by a facile and reliable site-controllable transfer method and apply it for photodetection from the visible to NIR wavelength range. Compared to the layered semiconductor photodetectors reported thus far, the graphene-MoTe2-graphene photodetector has a superior performance, including high photoresponsivity (∼110 mA W-1 at 1064 nm and 205 mA W-1 at 473 nm), high external quantum efficiency (EQE; ∼12.9% at 1064 nm and ∼53.8% at 473 nm), rapid response and recovery processes (a rise time of 24 µs and a fall time of 46 µs under 1064 nm illumination), and free from an external source-drain power supply. We have employed scanning photocurrent microscopy to investigate the photocurrent generation in this heterostructure under various back-gate voltages and found that the two Schottky barriers between the graphenes and MoTe2 play an important role in the photocurrent generation. In addition, the vdWs heterostructure has a uniform photoresponsive area. The photoresponsivity and EQE of the photodetector can be modulated by the back-gate (p+-Si) voltage. We compared the responsivities of thin and thick flakes and found that the responsivity had a strong dependence on the thickness. The heterostructure has promising applications in future novel optoelectronic devices, enabling next-generation high-responsivity, high-speed, flexible, and transparent NIR devices.

[New Algorithms to Separate the Contribution of Petroleum Substances and Suspended Particulate Matter on the Scattering Coefficient Spectrum from Mixed Water].

In the water with petroleum pollution, the petroleum will be adsorbed on the surface of suspended particulate matter and form a double-layer structure, which impacts on the spectrum characteristics to the scattering coefficient. It is a key to improve the accuracy of the scattering theory model that the contribution of petroleum substances and suspended particulate matter on the scattering spectrum coefficient is be separated. A backward scattering coefficient spectrum measurement system was being built from linkage observation of three kinds of instruments, including DAWN HELEOS Ⅱ18 angle scattering measuring instrument (Wyatt company, American), LISST-100-xB size instrument(SEQUOIA SCIENTIFIC, INC, American), HydroScat-6 Sprctral Backscattering Sensor (HS6) ( Hobilabs company, American). Many parameters were measured such as voltage value of the scattering intensity, the particle size distribution, particle concentration and backward scattering coefficient in different water samples. Using the Mie scattering theory, a new algorithm to separate the scattering coefficient spectrum and new way of thinking to calculate volume scattering function ß(λ, θ) of the unknown refractive index material were proposed. The matching experiments were done by selecting quartz sand as particles whose refractive index (m) is known and petroleum sewage collected from different oilfield area. On the basis of matching experiments different water samples with different properties were obtained and related data were determinated. Firstly, according to Mie scattering theory the water volume scattering function ß(λ, θ) for each sample is calculated. Secondly, the equation was set up which can convert the scattering intensity corresponding to the voltage value V(θ) measured by DAWN HELEOS Ⅱ 18 Angle laser scattering instrument into volume scattering function ß(λ, θ). Thirdly, according to the method of optimum the equivalent refractive index (mos) of the oil sands mixed and the refractive index (mo) of petroleum sewage were estimated; Finally, using ß(λ, θ) and estimation of mos values and mo values to calculate the backscatter coefficient bb(λ) of all kinds samples, and new algorithms were set up which seperated quartz sand bb, s(λ) and petroleum sewage bb, o(λ) from mixed water with petroleum and sands respectively. The establishment of these separation algorithms improves the accuracy of the scattering theory model of the water petroleum pollution, on the other hand expands the Mie scattering theory in the application of ocean color remote sensing.

Instantaneous influence of dust storms on the optical scattering property of the ocean: a case study in the Yellow Sea, China.

Asian dust storms originating from arid or semi-arid regions of China or her adjacent regions have important impact on the atmosphere and water composition, and ecological environment of the Eastern China Seas. This research used data collected in the middle of the South Yellow Sea, China, during a dust storm event from 23 April to 24 April 2006 to analyze the instantaneous influence of dust storms on optical scattering properties, which are closely related to particle characteristics. The analysis results showed that the dust storm had a remarkable influence on the optical scattering property in the upper mixed layer of water, and dust particles drily deposited from the dust storm with an aerosol optical depth of nearly 2.5 into the water could induce a 0.14 m-1 change in the water optical scattering coefficient at 532 nm at the depth of 4 m. The duration of the instantaneous influence of the dust storm on the water optical scattering properties was short, and this influence disappeared rapidly within approximately 3 hours after the end of the dust storm.

The In-Plane Anisotropy of WTe2 Investigated by Angle-Dependent and Polarized Raman Spectroscopy.

Tungsten ditelluride (WTe2) is a semi-metallic layered transition metal dichalcogenide with a stable distorted 1T phase. The reduced symmetry of this system leads to in-plane anisotropy in various materials properties. We have systemically studied the in-plane anisotropy of Raman modes in few-layer and bulk WTe2 by angle-dependent and polarized Raman spectroscopy (ADPRS). Ten Raman modes are clearly resolved. Their intensities show periodic variation with sample rotating. We identify the symmetries of the detected modes by quantitatively analyzing the ADPRS results based on the symmetry selection rules. Material absorption effect on the phonon modes with high vibration frequencies is investigated by considering complex Raman tensor elements. We also provide a rapid and nondestructive method to identify the crystallographic orientation of WTe2. The crystallographic orientation is further confirmed by the quantitative atomic-resolution force image. Finally, we find that the atomic vibrational tendency and complexity of detected modes are also reflected in the shrinkage degree defined based on ADPRS, which is confirmed by corresponding density functional calculation. Our work provides a deep understanding of the interaction between WTe2 and light, which will benefit in future studies about the anisotropic physical properties of WTe2 and other in-plane anisotropic materials.